Common Tests and Procedures in Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology is a specialized field of medicine focused on the health of the digestive system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Physicians in this field, known as gastroenterologists, diagnose and manage a wide range of conditions affecting these organs. They utilize several diagnostic tests and therapeutic procedures to evaluate symptoms, identify underlying issues, and provide treatment.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a diagnostic examination used to inspect the entire length of the large intestine. The primary purpose of this procedure is to detect abnormalities, such as polyps or cancerous growths. It is a standard screening tool for colorectal cancer, which allows for early detection and removal of precancerous polyps before they develop into cancer. A colonoscopy may also be recommended to investigate the cause of symptoms like chronic diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, or blood in the stool.

During the procedure, the patient usually receives sedation to promote comfort and relaxation. The gastroenterology specialist then inserts a colonoscope—a long, thin, flexible tube with a small camera and light at its tip—into the rectum and gently guides it through the colon. The camera transmits high-definition images to a monitor, allowing the physician to examine the intestinal wall in detail. Biopsies, or small tissue samples, can also be taken for laboratory analysis. Following the procedure, the patient is monitored in a recovery area as the sedation wears off.

Upper Endoscopy

An upper endoscopy is a procedure used to visually examine the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. This includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. An endoscopy is performed to diagnose and sometimes treat conditions that affect these organs. A physician might recommend this procedure to evaluate symptoms such as persistent heartburn, nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, or upper abdominal pain.

For the procedure, the patient’s throat may be numbed. The gastroenterologist then passes a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope through the mouth, down the esophagus, and into the stomach and duodenum. The physician carefully inspects the lining of the upper GI tract for any irregularities. If necessary, the physician can perform biopsies by collecting small tissue samples for further testing.

Hemorrhoidal Banding

Hemorrhoidal banding is a common, minimally invasive procedure used to treat internal hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus that can cause discomfort, bleeding, and itching. When symptoms persist despite lifestyle adjustments and conservative treatments, banding may be recommended.

The goal of hemorrhoidal banding is to cut off the blood supply to the hemorrhoid, causing it to shrink and fall off. Using a specialized tool, the physician places a tiny rubber band around the base of the hemorrhoid. This band constricts the blood flow to the tissue.

Patients might experience a feeling of fullness or mild discomfort in the rectum for a day or two afterward, but significant pain is uncommon. The banded hemorrhoid typically withers and falls off within a week and is passed during a bowel movement. Hemorrhoidal banding is an effective method for managing symptomatic internal hemorrhoids.

Consult a Gastroenterology Specialist

The digestive system is complex, and symptoms can sometimes indicate various conditions. The tests and procedures detailed above represent just a few of the tools gastroenterologists use to diagnose and manage digestive health. Seeking professional guidance from a qualified gastroenterologist provides access to accurate diagnosis, appropriate screenings, and tailored management plans.